3/9/2023 0 Comments Perfectly clear vs lucid![]() To write an account of research is to immobilize these ideas to freeze them it’s like describing a horse race from a snapshot. Science is above all a world of ideas in motion. The voice he adopts in his autobiography is more literary than Medawar’s, but no less evocative: Was Medawar a curmudgeon? An excessively suspicious mind, overly partial to epistemology? Let’s hear what another Nobel laureate in physiology or medicine (1965), the Frenchman François Jacob, has to say. You have to pretend firmly that your mind is, so to speak, a virgin receptacle, an empty vessel, for information which floods into it from the eternal world for no reason which you yourself have revealed.” However, he unleashes his delightfully witty eloquence on the “results” section: “ consists of a stream of factual information in which it is considered extremely bad form to discuss the significance of the results you are getting. To demonstrate, Medawar begins by giving a caustically lucid description of scientific articles in the 1960s, one that happens to remain accurate to this day: “First, there is a section called ‘introduction’ in which you merely describe the general field in which your scientific talents are going to be exercised, followed by a section called ‘previous work’ in which you concede, more or less graciously, that others have dimly groped towards the fundamental truths that you are now about to expound.”Īccording to Medawar, the “methods” section is not problematic. “The scientific paper in its orthodox form does embody a totally mistaken conception, even a travesty, of the nature of scientific thought.” In a radio conversation broadcast by the BBC in 1963, the British scientist Peter Medawar, cowinner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1960, asked, “Is the scientific paper a fraud?”As was announced from the outset of the program, his answer was unhesitatingly positive. If you look at it that way, a scientific article is a kind of trick. The experiments were carried out in a far more disordered manner, in stages far less logical than those related in the article. In reality, nothing takes place the way it is described in a scientific article. However, as every researcher knows, it is pure falsehood. It appears transparent and free of any presuppositions. It has the virtue of being clear and solid in its logic. This is more or less the outline followed by millions of scientific articles published every year throughout the world. The archetypal presentation of articles in the life sciences follows this fine intellectual form: after explaining why a particular question could be asked (introduction) and describing how he or she intends to proceed to answer it (materials and methods), the researcher describes the content of the experiments (results), then interprets them (discussion). The assumption is that a researcher faced with an enigma posed by nature formulates a hypothesis, then conceives an experiment to test its validity. After all, anyone who took a philosophy course in college is likely to think of laboratory work as eminently rational. Is every scientific article a fraud? This question may seem puzzling to those outside the scientific community. In this extract, he highlights a systematic dishonesty at the heart of establishment science. Minimalist Perfection indeed.In his new book, Fraud in the Lab, journalist and former lab researcher Nicolas Chevassus-au-Louis explores why cases of scientific misconduct around the world are rising. ![]() Button cutouts designed slightly larger on one edge ensure easy operation. Precision engineering guarantees a tight, secure fit, while beautifully designed notches on the bottom two corners facilitate easy removal. A raised edge around the camera cutout protects the iPhone's protruding camera. Lucid Clear is a Caudabe product so you know we've got the details covered.The result is a case with glass-like clarity and incredible impact protection. Glazed with a clear protective coat to add additional scratch protection. Lucid Clear is an ultra slim, crystal clear iPhone 13 Pro case manufactured from the same impact resistant thermoplastic polymer used in bulletproof glass.Compatible with wireless charging and Apple's MagSafe wireless charger. Lucid Clear is perfect for protecting against everyday drops while showing off your iPhone's sleek design in stunning clarity. An ultra slim, crystal clear case manufactured from the same impact resistant thermoplastic polymer used in bulletproof glass.
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